Command Injections

Execute system commands on the back-end server

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There are several type of injections found in web apps. The most common are:

Injection	Description
OS Command Injection	User input is used as part of an OS command.
Code Injection	User input is used within a function that evaluates code.
SQL Injection	User input is used as part of an SQL query.
XSS/HTML Injection	User input is displayed on a web page.

OS Command Injections

With OS command injections the user input must go into a web query that is executing system commands. Therefore look for function in programming languages that execute system commands.

PHP

web application written in PHP may use the exec, system, shell_exec, passthru, or pope .

<?php
if (isset($_GET['filename'])) {
    system("touch /tmp/" . $_GET['filename'] . ".pdf");
}
?>

Here touch is executed but without sanitation making it vulernable.

Detection

Finding out wether input is vulnerable for command injection

Semicolon	;	%3b	Both
New Line	\n	%0a	Both
Background	&	%26	Both (second output generally shown first)
Pipe	\|	%7c	Both (only second output is shown)
AND	&&	%26%26	Both (only if first succeeds)
OR	\|\|	%7c%7c	Second (only if first fails)
Sub-Shell	``	%60%60	Both (Linux-only)
Sub-Shell	$()	%24%28%29	Both (Linux-only)

Bypassing Front-End validation

It can happen input is only validated on the front-end and not on the back-end. To bypass front-end validation we can url encode for example. We can use && to chain commands

ping -c 1 127.0.0.1 && whoami

Or use the OR (||) operator which only executes the second command if the first command fails to execute.

Other operators

SQL Injection	' , ; -- /* */
Command Injection	; &&
LDAP Injection	* ( ) & \|
XPath Injection	' or and not substring concat count
OS Command Injection	; & \|
Code Injection	' ; -- /* */ $() ${} #{} %{} ^
Directory Traversal/File Path Traversal	../ ..\\ %00
Object Injection	; & \|
XQuery Injection	' ; -- /* */
Shellcode Injection	\x \u %u %n
Header Injection	\r %0d %0a %09

Filter/WAF Detection

Web applications may use a WAF which has a list of blacklisted characters. Try various chars to see which are not blocked. For spaces filter: Spaces blacklisted can be bypassed various ways:

• Tabs = %09
• IFS = ${IFS}
• Brace expansions = {ls,-la} {% endhint %}

Other solution is to use path for / here.

echo ${PATH:0:1}
/

Or a semcolon:

echo ${LS_COLORS:10:1}
;

Or encode with base64

bash<<<$(base64 -d<<<Y2F0IC9ldGMvcGFzc3dkIHwgZ3JlcCAzMw==)

We can utilize for obfuscating bash commands Bashfuscator.

$ /bashfuscator -c 'cat /etc/passwd' -s 1 -t 1 --no-mangling --layers 1

[+] Mutators used: Token/ForCode
[+] Payload:
eval "$(W0=(w \  t e c p s a \/ d);for Ll in 4 7 2 1 8 3 2 4 8 5 7 6 6 0 9;{ printf %s "${W0[$Ll]}";};)"
[+] Payload size: 104 characters